Development Of Economic Cooperation Research Articles

Quantifying the reduction in coal and increase in renewables in OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries: Proposal for a coal-renewable energy index and map

Reducing coal use and increasing renewable energy use are two major policies that have been recommended in many countries and regions to address climate change. However, the progress toward meeting these policy goals is unclear. Therefore, this study proposes the “C–R map”, which is a correlation map between the share of coal-fired plants and renewable energy in terms of annual consumption, and the “CR index”, which is an index composed of the above two indicators. The proposed methods objectively visualise and quantitatively analyse statistical data on global climate change associated with “reducing coal and increasing renewables”, whose trends or tendencies could only be obtained through fragmented statistical data and documents. Using the proposed C–R map and CR index, an international comparative analysis was conducted on the share of coal and renewables from 1990 to 2020 in 37 Organisation for Economic Cooperation Development member countries. The results quantitatively showed that 31 member countries clearly exhibited a trend of decreasing their share of coal and increasing their share of renewables, while only five countries, i.e. Chile, Turkey, Mexico, Japan, and Korea, showed unique and inconsistent trends relative to that of the other member countries. By using the highly transparent and simple map and index proposed here based on published statistical information and objective methods, the global trend of “reducing coal and increasing renewables” can be quantitatively visualised in graphs and numerical values, which are easily understood and interpretable, even for laymen.

Russia's Economic Development Situation and Its Influence on Sino-Russian Economic and Trade Cooperation

This paper aims to analyze the development of the Russian economy and explore its impact on Sino-Russian economic and trade cooperation. Firstly, the paper reviews the historical background and current situation of the Russian economy, with a focus on analyzing the main economic indicators and government policies. Secondly, the historical background, current situation, and cooperation areas of Sino-Russian economic and trade cooperation are summarized, and the opportunities and challenges of cooperation are discussed. Subsequently, the paper analyzes the factors influencing the impact of Russian economic development on Sino-Russian economic and trade cooperation and prospects for future cooperation. Finally, based on the research results, strategies and suggestions for promoting the development of Sino-Russian economic and trade cooperation are proposed to provide reference and support for bilateral cooperation.

Analysis of the Difficulties and Countermeasures of East Asian Regional Economic Cooperation

Global economic development witnessed two significant developments during the 1990s: economic globalization and regional economic integration. East Asia's economy has been steadily developing, making it one of the most promising areas in the world economy. Nonetheless, East Asia's economic cooperation is developing far more slowly than that of the European Union and the North American Free Trade Area. East Asian nations have deeply realized that the only way to increase the competitiveness of their economies and, consequently, their overall economic strength is to actively participate in economic cooperation, as evidenced by the rapid development of trade and economic ties between the European Union and the North American Free Trade Area. This article aims to study the difficulties and countermeasures of East Asian regional economic cooperation in the context of current economic globalization and regional economic integration. According to this study, there are three key reasons why regional economic cooperation among Southeast Asian countries is problematic: political factors in East Asian countries, economic factors in East Asian countries, and social and cultural factors in East Asian countries. Various measures have been suggested to address the current challenges. These include fostering East Asian regional cooperation around ASEAN, expediting economic recovery through trade and economic cooperation, and fortifying cultural exchanges and cooperation to further the development of East Asian regional economic cooperation.

Проблемы и перспективы торгово-экономического сотрудничества Китая и стран Центральной Азии на современном этапе

The article analyzes the development of economic cooperation between China and the countries of the Central Asian region – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan – at the present stage. It char-acterizes the main points of contact between these states, considers the key vectors of their interaction and identifies common problems accompanying this process. Necessity of joint efforts of the countries of the region and China to build the Silk Road Economic Belt as a project that opens wide opportunities for the development of the national economy of all participants highlighted. It is emphasized that the relevance of this study is condi-tioned by the global redistribution of political and, consequently, economic positions in the world, including Central Asia; it allows to determine the role and importance of each stakeholder in modern conditions and to forecast the development strategy of the region as a whole. Conclusion dwells upon the fact that cooperation at different levels and in various spheres (energy, “green” economy, transportation) is beneficial to all parties to the interaction under study and will contribute to both strengthening the economies of the CAR states, expand-ing the sphere of influence of the PRC, and mutual understanding of the countries of the region, ensuring their ability to withstand new external challenges.

Unraveling Indonesia's Diplomacy in the Pacific Region

This research aims to examine Indonesia's diplomacy in the Pacific Region, specifically during the Joko Widodo administration, focusing on the period spanning the last two decades. Emphasizing the significance of the Pacific Region in Indonesia's current foreign policy, the study employs qualitative research methods, utilizing international relations analysis, to explore diplomatic and cooperative efforts. Data for this study are derived from extensive literature reviews, including journals, books, regulations, and internet sources. The findings indicate that Indonesia, through its "look east" policy, has increasingly considered the Pacific Region pivotal for economic development, connectivity, and security. Notably, Indonesian diplomacy in the Pacific has evolved, with recent efforts showcased during Indonesia's chairmanship in Asean and the Asean-43 Summit. The latter has positioned the Pacific/Indo-Pacific Region as the Epicentrum of Growth, emphasizing its centrality for development and connectivity with ASEAN member countries and dialogue partner nations, such as China, Japan, and South Korea. In conclusion, this research sheds light on the evolving nature of Indonesia's diplomacy in the Pacific Region, offering insights into the country's strategic approach to fostering relations, economic development, and regional cooperation.

What Drives Interlocal Cooperation in Economic Development? A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Interlocal Industrial Parks in China’s Yangtze River Delta

Recent studies suggest that influence of contextual conditions and cooperative arrangements on interlocal cooperation should be best understood as part of configurations. This study enriches this nascent perspective by developing a configurational theoretical framework and explores how contextual conditions (institutional proximity, geographic proximity, organizational proximity) and cooperative arrangements (goal interdependence, resource complementarity, collaborative structure) combine to influence interlocal cooperation in economic development. A fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis is used to analyze 34 interlocal industrial parks (IIPs) in the Yangtze River Delta of China. The results show two first-order equifinal configurations and six second-order configurations that lead to the success of IIP. The findings underscore that success conditions of interlocal cooperation in economic development work in configurations, not in isolation, and contribute meaningfully to debates pertaining to specific conditions.

Strategic Significance of Joint Committees for Cooperation Between Three Seas Initiative’s Countries and the United Arab Emirates

The 21st century has brought many changes both in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and in the Middle East, where the United Arab Emirates demonstrates its will play the role of a leader in many initiatives in the international arena. In 2016, 12 CEE countries launched the Three Seas Initiative (3SI) for the implementation of strategic economic projects to adapt to new international challenges. This research paper aims to find an answer to the research question of what is the Joint Committees’ – J(E)C role and significance for relations between the United Arab Emirates and Three Seas Initiative countries? To achieve the set research goal, both quantitative and qualitative methods were applied, considering the quantitative potential of the analysed countries’ power to adapt to the international environment and influence its players. Then, a comparative analysis was used in terms of J(E)C sessions, top-level visits, and trade trends. The research findings show that the most important thing to achieve the strategic level of relations is the political will and the appropriate strategy. However, countries with high potential, and perceived power, do not need J(E)C for the stable development of economic cooperation. The research results indicate that in strategic partnership with the UAE, Austria has a role and position in energy and Romania in transport. On the other hand, Poland connecting both strategic routes appear as an economic hub.

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTICONVULSANT SCREENING OF THREE MEDICINAL PLANTS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF EPILEPSY IN THE SOUTH-WESTERN PART OF NIGERIA

The burden of epilepsy in developing countries made medicinal plants like Xylopia aethiopica fruit; Khaya grandifoliola, Alstonia boonei etc an alternative source in epilepsy management in the south-western part of Nigeria. The aim of the study was to provide pharmacological rationale for the ethnomedicinal use of the plants in epilepsy management. The oral medial lethal dose of methanol stem bark extracts of Alstonia boonei (MEAB) and Khaya grandifoliola (MEKG) and methanol fruit extract of Xylopia aethiopica (MEXAF) were done in accordance with the Organization for Economic Cooperation Development guideline. Quantitative and qualitative phytochemical profiling of the extracts was done. Anticonvulsant screening was carried out on the extracts (doses: 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg) using the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure and maximum electroshock tests (MEST). Results showed that the MEXAF has the highest amount of phytochemicals except for saponins in MEKG; and MEAB with the least amount (but higher alkaloid) than MEKG. The TLC showed different bands of spots of the extracts. In the PTZ test, MEXAF showed 100 % protection against mortality at 300 mg/kg; MEAB with 66.67 % protection at 75 mg/kg and MEKG 0 % protection. MEAB, MEKG and MEXAF nonsignificantly increased the onset of seizure and latency to death. In the MEST, MEXAF, MEKG and MEAB at 75 mg/kg protected 50, 33.3 and 16.67% of the animals against tonic hind limb extension respectively and nonsignificantly (p˃0.05) decreased recovery time except MEXAF which significantly (p<0.05) decreased the recovery time at a dose of 75 mg/kg. It was concluded that the extracts possess anticonvulsant activities hence, the pharmacological credence for the ethnomedicinal use of these plants in treating epilepsy.

Переклад як інструмент комунікації фахівців з міжнародних економічних відносин

The communication skills of specialists in international economic relations determine the ease of overcoming linguistic and cultural boundaries in today’s globalized world. As businesses expand into international markets, the demand for professionals with a high level of language competence, including translation and interpretation skills, is high. The article substantiates that translation competence is an integral part of the professional competence of applicants for economic direction, since integration processes and international cooperation increase the requirements for foreign language proficiency not only in the interpersonal sphere, but also in the economic, especially in the field of international business. In the course of the study, the main key challenges and barriers to effective communication in international business are identified and characterized, namely: cultural differences, language barriers, non-verbal communication signals, technological challenges, time zone differences, cross-cultural misunderstandings, translation and interpretation. Emphasis is placed on translation and interpretation, as it is an important tool for facilitating communication between speakers of different languages. Correct translation and interpretation requires not only knowledge of the language, but also cultural competence, understanding of the context and knowledge of the subject. The authors identify the main areas of application of translation and interpretation in international business, including: legal and regulatory documents; financial reports and market analysis results; marketing and promotional materials for international markets; translation of technical specifications, instructions and documentation for products; diplomatic negotiations, international conferences and diplomatic correspondence on economic issues. Thus, translation is an effective tool for effective communication, cooperation and negotiations in international economic relations. By overcoming language barriers, fostering intercultural understanding, and the exchange of information and ideas, translation plays a vital role in promoting economic cooperation, trade liberalization, and sustainable development on a global scale.

대북한 교통물류인프라 구축 협력 방향성에 관한 연구

Purpose: This paper examines the directions of effective inter-Korean transportation infrastructure cooperation in terms of securing mutual benefits, such as North Korea's economic development and inter-Korean economic cooperation, avoiding unilateral support from South Korea.
 Research design, data, and methodology: The examination is based on a qualitative research methodology through a literature review.
 Results: Future inter-Korean transportation infrastructure cooperation should be supported through international cooperation and multilateral projects that transcend the differences between North and South Korea in their regimes and economic conditions. Considerations must include regional arrangements, such as industrial, production, and regional development in North Korea, and links with economic development zones; alignment with South Korea's transportation and logistics policy on the Korean Peninsula; and maintenance of ports, railways, and roads, taking into account the topographical characteristics of North Korea and the role required for each stage of development for North Korean industry.
 Conclusions: Unilateral cooperation between North and South Korea based on traditional nationalism has reached its limits. It is time for North and South Korea to focus on internal integration to secure mutual benefits while exploring and implementing ways to attract external support and cooperation from the international community.

Dynamics and structure of foreign direct investment in CIS countries

Object: The purpose of the study is to assess the impact of investments on the development of economic cooperation between the CIS countries and, based on this, to develop recommendations aimed at attracting foreign investment for the development of mutual cooperation between the economies of the participating countries.Methods: The following methods were also used in the course of the work: scientific abstraction, system and structural analysis, logical generalization, as well as economic and statistical analysis. The study also used grouping and classification, expert assessment and detailed methods.Findings: Thus, to date, the institution determining trade and economic relations between the CIS countries is the EAEU, which, according to Bella Balassa's theory, is at the fourth stage (economic union), which is characterized by the fact that member states must agree to coordinate macroeconomic policy across the entire zone, which is not always easy to implement, as experience has shown The European Union.Conclusions: Thus, the investment market has two levels, both within the EAEU and with foreign countries, especially with China and other countries of the Middle East at the present stage. To increase the attractiveness of foreign direct investment, the authors recommend that the EAEU countries take the following measures. Develop an investment policy for non-resource sectors of the economy; take measures aimed at training qualified labor; increase public investment, in particular in socio-economic infrastructure, etc.

Логистика как драйвер развития торгово-экономического сотрудничества «Россия – Африка»

Russia and Africa have a long history of trade relations, including the export and import of various goods and services. In recent years, the ways of cooperation have become more active and diverse. The list of the main African countries – trade and economic partners of the Russian Federation is given. The increase in export supplies from Russia to African countries and the increased interest of African countries in Russian goods and services create new opportunities for the development of mutually beneficial relations. The development of trade and economic cooperation between Russia and Africa in modern conditions has led to the need to create efficient and sustainable logistics routes between these two regions. The relevance of the formation of new logistics routes is substantiated and the potential benefits that they can bring to both sides, including economic growth, strengthening trade ties and increasing competitiveness, are investigated. The key factors influencing the formation of these routes, such as geographical location, infrastructure capabilities, customs procedures, transport networks and communications, are analyzed. Prospects for the development of new logistics routes to the African continent associated with the continuation of the North-South transport and logistics corridor were noted. The challenges and problems that countries face when creating new logistics routes are considered, and recommendations for overcoming them are proposed. The effective formation of new logistics routes between Russia and Africa can potentially lead to stimulating economic growth, developing trade and strengthening relations between the regions.

Sustainable Development In Southeast Asia: Lessons, Partnerships, and English

The objective of this manuscript is to provide an all-encompassing examination of the Southeast Asia Ministerial Forum and its function in advancing Southeast Asian economic integration, sustainable development, and regional cooperation. The analysis encompasses pivotal subjects deliberated upon during the forum, the consequences of regional collaboration on economic progress, and the function of regional establishments like ASEAN in cultivating cooperation. The critical assessment underscores the importance of collaborative strategies, partnerships, and the exchange of knowledge in furthering the objectives of sustainable development. Moreover, the implications of this analysis for the development of the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) curriculum in 2024 are examined in the paper. It emphasizes the significance of critical thinking, problem-solving, technology integration, cultural competence, awareness of ASEAN and regional institutions, communication skills, and the incorporation of global issues into academic and professional writing. English language learners can make a meaningful contribution to sustainable development in Southeast Asia and engage in active participation in regional cooperation by integrating these components into the curriculum.

Process of effective management of the Eurasian transport system on the terms of integration

Transformation of international relations caused by geopolitical processes significantly affects the development trends in foreign trade activities, global restructuring of goods movement channels, changes in the conditions of currency and customs regulation, lending, and investment. Ensuring stability, security and prosperity in the Eurasian region meets interests of many states, primarily Russia and China, as well as their closest partners. The implementation of the project on construction and modernization of the Eurasian transport system will not only neutralize risks in the context of international challenges, but will also contribute to the new ecosystem creation with great potential in the new realities. Harmonization and joint coordination of actions in accordance with the integration process progressive implementation to create a regional ecosystem in the international format will contribute to the creation of mutually beneficial partnership, development of sustainable long-term ties for implementing trade, scientific, production, and logistics projects. Conceptual provisions of the integration process to create a regional ecosystem will help to create sustainable conditions for economic development and increase corporate, sectoral and regional policies effectiveness. Building an international architecture of strategic partnership in the format of regional and sectoral interactions is a real and potentially successful approach to increase regional economic cooperation efficiency. The relevance of the study is also confirmed by the provisions of the project on transport and logistics and economic cooperation development until 2030 in priority strategic directions, primarily in financial, industrial-technological and transport, and logistics areas. The scientific novelty of the study lies in a comprehensive and integrated study of the role and regional cooperation potential and economic processes integration in China and Russia in the new ecosystem of the Greater Eurasian Partnership, as well as development of mutually beneficial cooperation between the states of the region in economic, political and humanitarian spheres. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the justification of the construction and implementation of a joint transport and logistics project on the terms of integration between China and Russia, which will predetermine the creation of the Greater Eurasian Partnership new ecosystem named with long-term mutually beneficial multilateral cooperation at the international level in the economic, political, and humanitarian fields.

A comparative analysis of creativity: Australian and Iranian early childhood national policy frameworks

ABSTRACT This article compares the conceptualisations of creativity between the early childhood policy frameworks from Iran and Australia to demonstrate how cultural differences influence understandings and representations of creativity. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2019. “PISA 2021 Creative Thinking Framework: Third Draft.” OECD. https://www.oecd.org/pisa/publications/PISA-2021-creative-thinking-framework.pdf. suggests that students in all contexts and across all levels of education need to learn how to engage productively in the practice of generating ideas, reflecting upon ideas valuing both relevance and novelty, and how to iterate their ideas to a satisfactory outcome. This research draws from Hofsted, G. 2020. “Hofsted Insights.” https://www.hofstede-insights.com/ and Hofstede, G. 1980. Culture's Consequences. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. three dimensions of national cultures for interpreting the cultural differences between Australia and Iran, as well as Vygotsky, L. S. 1987. “Imagination and Creativity in Childhood.” In In the Collected Works of L. S. Vygotsky, edited by R. W. Rieber and A. S. Carton. Vol. 1. New York, NY: Plenum Press socio-cultural theory. This study analyses how creativity is represented within the policy documentation drawing from four perspectives (psychology, education, sociocultural and art). Findings suggest similarities for how creativity was conceptualised, however, significant differences were found pertaining to culture. These results assist in understanding how global influences on early childhood education policies regarding creativity can be interpreted and implemented in response to different culturally- situated contexts. A significant implication of this study is its call for policy makers and teachers to factor in cultural differences in developing children’s creativity.

Role of Transport and Logistics Components of Mongolia in the Development of Euro-Asian Economic Cooperation

This article assesses the implementation of Mongolia's “New Recovery Policy”, evaluates the current status of cargo and passenger transport, analyzes the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on these sectors, and identifies issues within the transport and logistics industry. Following the research, three primary conclusions were drawn: firstly, proposing actual solutions to the problems mentioned in this study; secondly, to augment transit traffic passing through Mongolia; and thirdly, the establishment of an autonomous government body, crucial for creating the central economic corridor connecting China, Mongolia, and Russia. The proposal suggests establishing an analysis institute to coordinate medium and long-term development policies of Russia and China, manage projects in the transport infrastructure domain, align legal frameworks among the three nations, and oversee the construction of the corridor.

Adaptation of British English and American English Borrowings to Autochthonous Languages of Pashto and Dari

The article deals with the analysis of the linguistic and cultural adaptation of the English language and the American English as a means of global communication in a multicultural community. The aim of the research is to conduct a comprehensive language and cultural analysis of borrowed units from British English and American English into the autochthonous languages of Pashto and Dari, functioning on the territory of Afghanistan, to determine their lexical and phonetic changes in the process of intercultural adaptation. The complex nature of the linguistic and cultural adaptation of Anglicisms in the autochthonous languages of Afghanistan is due to the long process of military operations, on the one hand, and the need to focus on cooperation with European countries at the present stage of development, on the other hand. The specificity of lexical units borrowed from British English and American English, formed under the influence of globalization and the needs of modern Afghan society, is also associated with phonetic changes and linguistic and cultural adaptation of borrowed units which is dictated by the influence of the phonetic system of local languages. The research work is carried out in line with the language and cultural approach and is based on the use of linguistic, cultural and sociological methods. The research uses the methodology of content analysis, narrative analysis, and the method of linguistic reconstruction of culture. As a result of the work, the spheres of social life of Afghans are identified for productive functioning spheres of high-frequency borrowings from English and American English into modern languages of Afghanistan, this process is dictated by the influence of extra linguistic factors, the key of which is economic development and political cooperation in the period of globalization of the world community. Borrowed lexical units are the subject to phonetic and lexical transformation processes which is dictated by the specifics of the autochthonous languages majority Pashto and Dari.

Enhancing Cooperation for Interconnected Regional Security: Central Asian Countries and Afghanistan

Objectives: This article aims to delve into the evolving dynamics of cooperation between Central Asian countries and Afghanistan, particularly within the context of interconnected regional security challenges. The strategic significance of Central Asia as a crossroads of major geopolitical and economic interests sets the stage for understanding the transformations in this region, especially following the withdrawal of international forces from Afghanistan.
  
 Methods: To achieve the stated objectives, the article employs a multifaceted approach. It begins by examining the historical context of Central Asia's relationship with Afghanistan, tracing the developments to the post-withdrawal era. The analysis encompasses shared security concerns, potential spillover effects of instability, and the rise of extremism. The research emphasizes the significance of regional cooperation as a viable mechanism to address common threats and foster stability.
  
 Results: The findings of this study shed light on the key drivers and impediments to cooperation in the Central Asian region. Historical rivalries, border disputes, and divergent interests among regional actors are thoroughly analyzed. The existing cooperative frameworks, such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), are scrutinized, and the role of external stakeholders, including major powers and international organizations, is examined in supporting and facilitating regional cooperation.
  
 Conclusion: In conclusion, the article synthesizes the analysis by outlining potential areas of cooperation between Central Asian countries and Afghanistan. It highlights crucial areas such as border security, intelligence sharing, counter-terrorism efforts, trade, economic cooperation, and infrastructure development. Emphasizing the need for trust-building measures, diplomatic dialogue, and mutual understanding, the conclusion underscores the importance of these elements for the successful implementation of cooperative initiatives. Overall, this article makes a significant contribution to the scholarly discourse on regional security in Central Asia and Afghanistan, providing a foundation for further research and policy discussions aimed at fostering a sustainable and resilient security architecture in the region.

NAVIGATING SINO-INDIA RELATIONS IN THE INDIAN OCEAN: PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES FOR PAKISTAN

Sino-India relations in the Indian Ocean have emerged as a critical aspect of geopolitical dynamics in the region. This abstract explores the prospects and challenges for Pakistan arising from this evolving relationship. With China's increasing naval presence and economic interests in the Indian Ocean, and India's own ambitions to safeguard its strategic interests, the region has witnessed a power struggle between the two Asian giants. The prospects for Pakistan lie in the potential for economic cooperation and infrastructural development through China's Belt and Road Initiative, which could enhance connectivity and trade opportunities. However, challenges arise for Pakistan as it navigates its delicate balance between China and India. These challenges include concerns over the deepening strategic and military ties between China and India, potential encirclement, and the impact on Pakistan's strategic autonomy. It is crucial for Pakistan to carefully manage these challenges while leveraging the opportunities to ensure its own security, economic growth, and regional stability.

Nuclear fission technology in Africa: Assessing challenges and opportunities for future development

Nuclear fission technology offers a potential solution for meeting Africa's increasing energy demands while also supporting economic development and regional cooperation. However, significant challenges such as financing and investment barriers, technical capacity gaps, and public concerns about safety and security persist. This article explores the key opportunities and challenges for nuclear fission technology in Africa, examining current and planned nuclear power projects and analyzing their successes, challenges, and lessons learned. We also discuss strategies for advancing nuclear power programs in African countries, including policy and regulatory reforms, investment and financing mechanisms, human resource development, capacity building, and public engagement and education. The need for further research into the potential environmental, health, and socio-economic impacts of nuclear power plants in African countries is emphasized, as well as the development of innovative and sustainable nuclear technologies tailored to African contexts. Ultimately, achieving sustainable and safe deployment of nuclear fission technology in Africa will require a comprehensive and collaborative approach, with partnerships and collaborations playing a critical role.